Dialrel Recommendations

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Improving Animal Welfare during Religious Slaughter

Recommendations for Good Practice A. Velarde, P. Rodriguez, C. Fuentes, P. Llonch, K. von Holleben, M. von Wenzlawowicz, H. Anil, M. Miele, B. Cenci Goga, B. Lambooij, A. Zivotofsky, N. Gregory, F. Bergeaud-Blackler, A. Dalmau

Dialrel Reports No. 2.4

Dialrel Reports Edited by Mara Miele and Joek Roex School of City and Regional Planning Cardiff University Glamorgan Building King Edward VII Avenue Cardiff, CF10 3WA Wales, UK http://dialrel.eu October 2010 Š A. Velarde, P. Rodriguez, C. Fuentes, P. Llonch, K. von Holleben, M. von Wenzlawowicz, H. Anil, M. Miele, B. Cenci Goga, B. Lambooij, A. Zivotofsky, N. Gregory, F. Bergeaud-Blackler, A. Dalmau, 2010 ISBN 1-902647-85-8 Typeset by Joek Roex, Cardiff, UK

PREFACE

The project ‘Religious Slaughter: Improving Knowledge and Expertise through Dialogue and Debate on Issues of Welfare, Legislation and Socio-economic Aspects’, called DIALREL, was a European Community specific support action project co-ordinated by Cardiff University. The main aims of the DIALREL project were to explore the conditions for promoting dialogue between interested parties and stakeholders as well as to facilitate the adoption of good religious slaughter practices. The project focused on the slaughter of cattle, sheep, goats and poultry (mainly chicken and turkey). An additional aim was to review and propose a method/procedure/system for the implementation and monitoring of good practice. The implementation has been achieved through consultation, gathering, exchanging and reviewing information, and networking. More details about the project can be found on the web site <http://www.dialrel.eu>. The present document contains a number of recommendations from the viewpoint of veterinary science on practices related to religious slaughter. It is based on best available knowledge: a scientific workshop on religious slaughter practices held in Girona on 3 and 4 February 2010; the final workshop of the project held in Istanbul on 15 and 16 March 2010; the report ‘Animal Welfare Concerns in Relation to Slaughter Practices from the Viewpoint of Veterinary Sciences’ (DIALREL deliverable 1.3, <http://www.dialrel.eu /images/veterinary-concerns.pdf>); spot visits carried out to assess the procedures currently used for religious slaughter (DIALREL deliverable 2.2); and the comments made by different stakeholders on earlier drafts of the present document. The scientific workshop aimed at presenting findings from DIALREL and discussing with scientific experts practical recommendations for religious slaughter practices to improve animal welfare during slaughter. The scientific delegates were: Hamid Ahmad (United Casing Corporation, Pakistan); Lotta Berg (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden); Clyde Daly (Carne Technologies, New Zealand); Bruno Fiszon (Le Grand Rabbinat de France, France); Troy Gibson (Royal Veterinary College, UK); James Kirkwood (Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, UK); Rasto Kolesar (World Society for the Protection of Animals, UK); Luc Mirabito (Institut de l’Elevage, France); Mohan Raj (Bristol University, UK); Joe Regenstein (Cornell University, USA); Shuja Shafi (Muslim Council of Britain, UK); Yunes Teinaz (Muslim Council of Britain, UK); and Tahsin Yesildere (Istanbul Veteriner Hekimler Odası, Turkey). Later, the recommendations were discussed with the following members of the Advisory Board and stakeholders: Nizar Boga, Rizvan Khalid (Euro Quality Lambs Ltd, UK), Fettallah Otmani (AVS, France), Yusuf Calkara (European Institute of Halal Certification, Germany), Masoud Khawaja (Halal Food Authority, UK), Pinkas Kornfeld (European Board of Shechita), Stuart Rosen (Shechita Board, UK), Michel Courat (Eurogroup for Animals), Nancy De Briyne (Federation of Veterinarians of Europe), Zeev Noga (Euro-

iv / Preface pean Livestock and Meat Trading Union), Cees Vermeeren (Association of Poultry Processors and Poultry Trade in the EU Countries), and Phil Hadley (EBLEX, UK). The document represents the views of the authors and does not necessarily represent a position of all the scientific delegates, members of the Advisory Board and stakeholders. Their comments on the final text are included in the Appendix of the document. It should be stated that the reliability of some figures in the following recommendations have often been questioned by some religious slaughter representatives. Literature and scientific evidence used in this set of recommendations are based on best available knowledge from peer-reviewed publications and the long-standing experience of the authors, who have observed significant numbers of animals at European slaughterhouses, both religious and non-religious facilities. The evolving and dynamic nature of scientific investigations could improve the understanding of some of the implications of different religious slaughter practices in the future. A. Velarde P. Rodriguez C. Fuentes P. Llonch IRTA, Spain K. von Holleben M. von Wenzlawowicz BSI Schwarzenbek, Germany H. Anil M. Miele Cardiff University, UK B. Cenci Goga University of Perugia, Italy B. Lambooij ASG Veehourderij, Netherlands A. Zivotofsky Bar Ilan University, Israel N.Gregory Royal Veterinary College, UK F. Bergeaud-Blackler IREMAM Maison Méditerranéenne des Sciences de l’Homme, France A. Dalmau IRTA, Spain

CONTENTS

Preface iii 1. General Outcomes and Recommendations 1 2. Restraining Methods 3 3. Neck Cutting without Stunning 7 4. Post-cut Management of Animals Slaughtered without Stunning 9 5. Reversible Stunning 13 6. Post-cut Stunning 17 7. Areas Requiring Further Research and Dialogue 19 Appendix 21

1 GENERAL OUTCOMES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The document proposes good animal welfare practices during religious slaughter, including restraining, neck cutting and post-cut management. As reversible stunning is also accepted by some religious communities, recommendations for pre- and post-slaughter stunning are also included. This document does not aim to discuss religious rules. The recommendations are intended as a proposal to improve animal welfare during religious slaughter, taking into account existing legislation and religious slaughter requirements in the general context and in the case of specific incidents. Best methods must be employed to ensure calm animals/birds are made ready for slaughter. The management of animals during transport, unloading, lairage, restraining, reversible stunning or slaughter must follow the approved standard operating procedures to ensure the welfare of all the animals. These should include clear management objectives, participation of the responsible persons, appropriate modus operandi, measurable criteria of success, as well as regular monitoring of procedures and recording of outcomes. For failures in meeting standards, appropriate corrective actions should be defined. All facilities should develop effective working and training procedures. One person should be designated within the religious authority as being the responsible person for ensuring compliance with religious slaughter requirements and, in addition, for optimizing animal welfare protocols within those requirements. Specific training of slaughtermen and abattoir staff, including management in key areas (such as animal handling, restraint, knife sharpening, animal physiology, signs of stress and pain, times to unconsciousness and signs of loss of consciousness), is vital to ensure good animal welfare.

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2 RESTRAINING METHODS

MAIN OUTCOMES Restraint (design, construction, operation and maintenance) has a marked impact on animal stress, which will in turn impact on the qualities of the cut, bleeding and the time to loss of consciousness. In cattle, the use of an upright pen can reduce the duration of restraint required until neck cutting is applied and allows the animal to be slaughtered in a natural standing position. However, this position may require greater skill in achieving an appropriate cut and managing the post-cut period. In cattle, a rotatable restraint might facilitate neck cutting. However, this type of restraint may lead to increased stress. Dorsal recumbency (animal turned on the back) is an unnatural posture and might also cause discomfort. Turning to positions between upright and lateral recumbency (e.g. 45° or 90°) has the potential to decrease stress.1 Sheep and goats can be restrained in either an upright position, lying on their side or lying on their back (rotating to angles other than 90° or 180° are also used). Systems depend on slaughter equipment and slaughter speed.2 In poultry, current practices include manual restraint, shackling live birds and placing live birds in slaughter cones prior to slaughter. Most concerns have been expressed with the practice of live bird shackling.3 Nevertheless, some modern shackle lines are designed to accommodate birds of various sizes and new methods of restraint are being sought to phase out live bird shackling.4

RECOMMENDATIONS Ruminants 1. Animals must be restrained only when slaughter can be performed without any delay, and it must be performed without any delay. 1. See, Holleben et al., Report on Good and Adverse Practices: Animal Welfare Concerns in Relation to Slaughter Practices from the Viewpoint of Veterinary Sciences, pp. 22 ff. 2. Ibid., pp. 26 ff. 3. Normative Shechita practices precludes live birds from being shackled. 4. See, Holleben et al., Report on Good and Adverse Practices: Animal Welfare Concerns in Relation to Slaughter Practices from the Viewpoint of Veterinary Sciences, pp. 27, 29, 45.

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4 / A. Velarde et al. 2. The restraining device, including both the body and head restrainers, or method must suit the size, species and type of animal slaughtered. 3. Due care must be taken during loading the animal into the restraining system to minimize stress and injury. Effort should be made to avoid use of any electric prods. The restraint device and surrounding area must have adequate lighting (lighting should be designed to encourage animals to naturally enter the restraint device), flooring should be non-slip and the parts in contact with the animal should have smooth, rounded surfaces. These surfaces should be inspected at least daily to ensure that worn-out and protruding parts are replaced promptly. 4. All restraining devices should use the concept of optimal pressure. The device must hold the animal firmly enough to facilitate slaughter without struggle or undue delay. Excessive pressure that would cause discomfort to the animal should be avoided. All moving parts of the restraint device should have a smooth, steady movement and jerky motion should be avoided. All mechanized parts of the restraint apparatus that press against the animal should be equipped with pressure limiting devices that will automatically prevent excessive pressure from being applied to the animal. Optimal pressure might be assessed by the absence of struggling behaviour and vocalization during the restraint, and the absence of any injuries and bruises caused by the restraining method. 5. The head restraint must be such that it provides good access to the neck for effective neck cutting and bleeding out and it must be such that it is set with the proper amount of neck tension to optimize slaughter. 6. The head restraint must be designed to avoid mechanical stimuli (such as physical contact or scraping) and chemical stimuli (such as contamination with stomach content) on the surface of the wound during the conscious period that would be assessed according to Recommendation 4 of the ‘Post-cut Management of Animals Slaughtered without Stunning’ section (Chapter 4). 7. The design of the head restraint must not obscure the front of the head and should also allow good access to the eyes to check for signs of reflexes and sensibility and must not obscure the front of the animal’s head. 8. When rotary pens are used, the head of the animal must be restrained before the start of the turning process. The turning operation should proceed smoothly and quickly without interruption to reduce as much as possible the period of animals being restrained in unnatural positions. 9. To restrain the head of cattle, ropes could only be used if slaughter speed is very slow (e.g. maximum of four animals per hour) as long as it is ensured that cattle are handled with necessary care. 10. During neck cutting, the head of sheep and goats (and small calves) may be stretched manually in addition to the mechanical restraining of the body. However, to maximize blood loss and minimize mechanical impact (scraping or touching) on the wound following the cut, until the animal is unconscious, it is recommended that the head continues to be supported during the early stages of bleeding. 11. When using an upright restraint for cattle the belly plate, if used, must be operated according to the concept of optimal pressure to support the animal without lifting it off the ground.

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12. During bleeding, the animals shall be held secure but as relaxed as possible, e.g. the head holder and rump pusher should be partially released immediately after the throat cut but not to an extent where blood flow is impeded. Poultry 13. Except for small birds, the preferred restraint method is for one person to hold the bird whilst the slaughterperson performs the cut. 14. The restraining device or method must suit the type, size and species of the animals being slaughtered (e.g. the size and design of shackles and cones must be appropriate). 15. The time of shackling poultry before stunning as well as the time of shackling poultry before neck cutting without stunning should be kept to a minimum (maximum one minute). The use of blue lights and a breast comforter to calm the animals during shackling is highly recommended.

3 NECK CUTTING WITHOUT STUNNING

MAIN OUTCOMES Incision of the neck tissues can result in noxious stimuli that can be perceived as pain in conscious animals. However, the issue is controversial, as there are differences in cutting method and variations in the times to loss of brain function between reported studies. In addition, wounds or actions that involve scraping of exposed tissues, large or multiple cuts are more likely to elicit pain sensation.5

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. The slaughterperson must be ready to perform the cut before the animal is restrained. 2. The neck cut must be performed without any delay. 3. Both carotid arteries and both jugular veins must be cut without touching the bones of the spine (vertebrae) with the knife. 4. Each animal should be neck cut by a single swift or continuous back and forward movement of the knife without interruption. 5. The knife used must be sufficiently long for each type of animal to minimize the need for multiple cuts. Ideally, the length of the knife blade should be at least twice that of the width of the animals neck. 6. The knife must be sharp for each animal. The knife should be checked by the slaughtermen (or Shochetim for Shechita) as frequently as required for nicks and bluntness and sharpened accordingly. Emphasis on training slaughterpersons to improve their knife sharpness is recommended. 7. Neck breaking must not be performed together with the cut.

5. See, Holleben et al., Report on Good and Adverse Practices: Animal Welfare Concerns in Relation to Slaughter Practices from the Viewpoint of Veterinary Sciences, pp. 4 ff., 30 ff.

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4 POST-CUT MANAGEMENT OF ANIMALS SLAUGHTERED WITHOUT STUNNING

If not pre-slaughter stunned, the animal becomes unconscious when brain perfusion becomes insufficient after the neck cut.6 The time taken for unconsciousness to supervene varies between animals. Some studies on neck cutting in cattle have shown that delays in time to loss of consciousness can vary from a mean of 20 seconds (sd ± 33) to up to more than 120 seconds in exceptional cases. Most sheep and goats seem to lose consciousness within 2 to 20 seconds after ventral neck cutting, but sheep can show signs of recovery for longer times in exceptional cases. Most chickens lose consciousness after between 12 and 15 seconds, but signs of recovery/ consciousness are possible for up to 26 seconds after the cut. However, as time to loss of consciousness varies between animals, clinical signs are necessary to recognize unconsciousness. Several clinical signs have been suggested to recognize unconsciousness:7 • Complete loss of posture. • No attempts to regain or to retain upright body posture. • No reactions (e.g. retraction) to mechanical impacts on the wound (e.g. contact of the wound to parts of the headholder or pen). • Absence of tracking by the eye of movements in the vicinity often accompanied by spontaneous closure of the eyelid. • Absence of response to threatening movements (e.g. rushing the hand towards the eyes leading to closing of the eyes or moving the head backwards does not occur). These are the clinical signs of brain death: • Permanent absence of cardiac activity (e.g. pulse or heart-beat) when bleeding has ceased. • Permanent absence of brain stem reflexes such as pupillary light reflex, corneal reflex, rhythmic breathing and gagging. 6. See, Holleben et al., Report on Good and Adverse Practices: Animal Welfare Concerns in Relation to Slaughter Practices from the Viewpoint of Veterinary Sciences, pp. 13, 14 ff, 33 ff. 7. Ibid., pp. 9, 10 ff., 35 ff.

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1. There must be no interference with the wound until the animal is unconscious, except for procedures involved with checking the adequacy of the cut. Mechanical and chemical stimuli on the wound must be minimized. 2. The cut should be inspected carefully for complete sectioning of both carotid arteries and both jugular veins, and for the efficiency of bleeding through the strong flow and seeing the pulsating effect of the heart-beat on this flow. When inspecting the wound, unnecessary contact with the severed edge of the skin must be avoided. Thus, visual inspection is preferable. It is understood that at times, the shochet may have a religious responsibility to carry out a physical inspection on the cut, and a visual inspection will not suffice. If the inspection is done by the shochet, they need to be trained to minimize or totally avoid touching skin surfaces. 3. The animal must be assessed to be unconscious by the slaughterpersons (or the shochet) before it can be released from the restraint. It is suggested that the signs of unconsciousness are checked at least twice, for cattle between 30 and 40 seconds post-cut, and for sheep and poultry between 15 and 25 seconds post-cut. The following clinical signs should be used as a guide for monitoring:8 • No attempts to regain or retain upright body posture. • No reactions (e.g. retraction) to mechanical impacts on the wound (e.g. contact of the wound with parts of the headholder or pen). • Absence of tracking by the eye movements in the vicinity often accompanied by spontaneous closure of the eyelid. • Absence of response to threatening movements (e.g. rushing of the hand towards the eyes leading to closing of the eyes or moving of the head backwards does not occur). • No wing flapping in poultry. 4. In the event of inefficient bleeding or prolonged consciousness being exhibited during repeated checks after neck cutting, animals should be stunned with a suitable method as soon as possible, even if this requires the religious authorities to declare the animal as non-kosher or haram. Optimally, this should be done within 45 seconds post-cut for cattle, or within 30 seconds for small ruminants and poultry. 5. As prolonged consciousness is an indicator of poor procedures, in the event of prolonged consciousness, the problem should immediately be investigated and necessary corrective action taken. Records of failure should also be documented for monitoring purposes. 6. Further dressing or scalding or electro-stimulation shall only be performed after brain death of the animal has been verified as indicated above. 8. See Council Regulation (EC) No. 1099/2009 of 24 September 2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing, Art 5 , 2: ‘Where, for the purpose of Article 4(4), animals are killed without prior stunning, persons responsible for slaughtering shall carry out systematic checks to ensure that the animals do not present any signs of consciousness or sensibility before being released from the restraint and do not present any sign of life before undergoing dressing or scalding’.

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7. When the cut is performed in a 180ยบ inverted position in cattle, it may be preferable to turn the box to a position between 180ยบ and 90ยบ directly after the cut for better access to the head of the animal and a more relaxed position.

5 REVERSIBLE STUNNING

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MAIN OUTCOMES Effective stunning before slaughter induces unconsciousness in animals. Stunning for religious slaughter requires animals to be alive at the time of slaughter. Reversible stunning methods induce temporary loss of consciousness and rely on prompt and accurate neck cutting procedures (bleeding out) to cause death. After effective stunning, the presence of a heart-beat can indicate the reversibility of unconsciousness if the animal is not slaughtered.10

RECOMMENDATIONS 1. The animal must be introduced in the restraining device only when the slaughterperson is ready to stun the animal, and stunning must be performed without any delay. 2. Correct stunning should induce loss of consciousness without pain before, or at the same time as, the animal is slaughtered.11 3. The criteria for monitoring the loss of consciousness need to be applied according to the stunning system and species, to ensure that the animal does not present any signs of consciousness or sensibility in the period between the end of the stunning process and death. Signs of a successful mechanical stunning in ruminants:12 • Immediate collapse. • Immediate onset of tonic seizure (tetanus) lasting several seconds. • Prompt and persistent absence of normal rhythmic breathing. • Loss of corneal reflex. 9. When accepted by the religious authority. 10. See Holleben et al. (2010) Report on Good and Adverse Practices: Animal Welfare Concerns in Relation to Slaughter Practices from the Viewpoint of Veterinary Sciences, pp. 41, 47, 51, 52. 11. Ibid., pp. 39 ff. 12. EFSA (2004) Welfare aspects of animal stunning and killing method, in: Scientific Report of the Scientific Panel of Animal Health and Welfare on a Request from the Commission. Question. 15th June 2004. Brussels, Belgium. Published online <http://www.efsa.eu.int/science/ahaw/ahaw_opinions/495/opinion_ ahaw_02_ej45_stunning_report_v2_en1.pdf>.

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Signs of a successful mechanical stunning in poultry:12 • Immediate collapse (this may not be applicable to poultry restrained in a cone or shackle). • Immediate onset of tonic seizure (tetanus). • Severe wing flapping due to damage to the brain. • Prompt and persistent absence of normal rhythmic breathing. • Loss of corneal reflex. Signs that indicate ineffective stunning include flaccid muscles immediately after stunning, return of rhythmic breathing and rotated eyeballs (in ruminants). Signs of a successful electrical stunning in ruminants:12 • Immediate collapse of free-standing animals (not applicable to animals held in a restrainer conveyor). • Immediate onset of tonic seizure (tetanus) lasting several seconds, followed by clonic seizure (kicking or unco-ordinated paddling leg movements). • Apnoea (absence of breathing) lasting throughout tonic–clonic periods. • Upward rotation of eyes. Signs of a successful electrical stunning in poultry:12 • Immediate collapse of free-standing animals (not applicable to poultry restrained in a cone or shackle). • Water bath electrical stunning leads to an immediate onset of tonic seizure (tetanus), followed by short duration clonic seizure (kicking or unco-ordinated paddling leg movements). • Head-only electrical stunning leads to clonic–tonic convulsions (a reverse of the sequence seen in red meat species). • Apnoea (absence of breathing) lasting throughout tonic–clonic periods. Indicators of ineffective stunning are escape behaviour often with vocalizing, absence of the typical tonic or clonic muscle activity, resumption of rhythmic breathing, vocalization during and after the current application or righting attempts and eye tracking of movements often with spontaneous blinking after the current application. In poultry, return of eye reflexes and rhythmic breathing are useful indicators of the early return of brain function after electrical stunning. During bleeding, vocalization and wing flapping must be absent as well as head raising, spontaneous blinking and eye tracking of movements. Signs of a successful stunning with gas mixtures in poultry:12 • Dilated pupils. • Absence of corneal reflex. • Absence of rhythmic breathing. • Absence of response to comb pinch. • Complete relaxation of carcass. Indicators of ineffective stunning include righting, wing flapping, vocalization or rhythmic breathing during bleeding.

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4. Animals must be checked for the signs of unconsciousness before and after neck cutting. 5. The heart function can be recognized from the pulsating13 flow of the blood and the rate of blood loss when the cut is made. 6. The stun–stick interval must be sufficiently short to induce death through blood deprivation in the brain before the animal recovers from the stun. 7. Animals showing signs of consciousness following stunning need to be effectively re-stunned without any delay, using an appropriate back-up method. 8. Non-stuns, or mis-stuns, should be recorded. Management should monitor and take action if non-stuns or mis-stuns occur. 9. The equipment used for stunning should be maintained, regularly tested, and operated properly in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, in particular with regard to the species and size of the animal, and a back-up stunner should be available.

13. Except in poultry.

6 POST-CUT STUNNING

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MAIN OUTCOMES Post-cut stunning shortens the time to unconsciousness, i.e. the time when the animal can feel anxiety, distress and/or pain as a result of restraint or neck cutting.15

RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Post-cut stunning should be performed immediately and at the latest 5 seconds after the neck cut, without further manipulation of the animal between the cut and the stunning application (except if manipulation is required to enable relaxed bleeding position). 2. When a post-cut captive bolt stun is used, the gun must be placed in the correct position using the correct captive bolt/cartridge combination for that animal type. 3. Post-cut stunning must induce immediate loss of consciousness.

14. When accepted by the religious authority. 15. See See Holleben et al. (2010) Report on Good and Adverse Practices: Animal Welfare Concerns in Relation to Slaughter Practices from the Viewpoint of Veterinary Sciences, pp. 53 ff.

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7 AREAS REQUIRING FURTHER RESEARCH AND DIALOGUE

Based on the experience gained during the DIALREL project, the following areas have been highlighted to show where policy and research priorities should be directed. DIALREL recognizes the importance of this research being transparent and having the active involvement of members of the religious community, particularly those with scientific, medical and veterinary backgrounds, from the very conception of the research. DIALREL also recognizes the need for such research to include the involvement of key scientists in non-EU countries. General: 1. Development of a standardized methodology for the assessment of all risks during religious slaughter (health and safety risks and animal welfare risks). 2. Development of criteria for the assessment in a practical way that the animal is alive at the point of slaughter for every species. Restraint: 3. Alternative restraint methods to live bird shackling. 4. Optimum restraint methods for large animals such as cattle. Neck cutting without stunning: 5. Further research on pain perception during neck cutting. 6. Best position in the neck for the cut, including effects on carotid occlusion and differences in vascularity and innervation in different regions of the neck. Post-cut management of animals slaughtered without stunning: 7. Practical indicators for loss of consciousness for each species. 8. Identification of procedures that avoid contact from the cut surfaces of the neck to chemicals (e.g. blood), environmental irritants (e.g. air flow) or equipment (e.g. the front plate or the restrainer). 9. Impacts of delayed loss of consciousness, e.g. delayed bleeding in sheep and poultry. Reversible stunning: 10. Reasons, frequency and severity of ineffective stunning, including animal welfare risk assessments associated with existing stunning systems. 19

20 / A. Velarde et al. Post-cut stunning: 11. Further dialogue and research is required between religious authorities and the scientific community to address the risk of post-cut stunning causing non-compliance with religious slaughter criteria. 12. Further research and dialogue on the possible maximum time intervals between the cut and the stunning application by species and slaughter method and system. 13. Further research is needed to make sure that post-cut stunning does not affect brain function and bleed-out to the dying animal.

APPENDIX COMMENTS AND DISSENTING VIEWS OF THE STAKEHOLDERS TO THE TEXT

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